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City in Queensland, Australia
Ipswich (/ˈɪpswɪtʃ/ (listen)) is a city in South East Queensland, Australia. Situated on the Bremer River, it is approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) west of the Brisbane central business district. The city is renowned for its architectural, natural and cultural heritage. Ipswich preserves and operates from many of its historical buildings, with more than 6000 heritage-listed sites and over 500 parks.[2] Ipswich was founded in 1827 as a mining settlement.[3][4] The suburb of the same name is its central business district.
History[edit]
Early history[edit]
Ipswich according to The Queenslander (Brisbane, Thursday 18 January 1934, Page 13) was tribally known as Coodjirar meaning place of the Red-Stemmed Gum Tree in the Yugararpul language.
Jagara (also known as Jagera, Yagara, and Yuggara) and Yugarabul (also known as Ugarapul and Yuggerabul) are Australian Aboriginal languages of South-East Queensland. There is some uncertainty over the status of Jagara as a language, dialect or perhaps a group or clan within the local government boundaries of Ipswich City Council, Lockyer Regional Council and the Somerset Regional Council.[5][6] The languages of Greater Brisbane are related – there is uncertainty over which dialects belong to which language.The Yugarabul language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of Brisbane City Council, Ipswich City Council and the Scenic Rim Regional Council.[7]
Prior to the arrival of European settlers, what is now called Ipswich was home to many indigenous language groups, including the Warpai tribe,[8] Yuggera and Ugarapul Indigenous Australian groups.[9] The area was first explored by European colonists in 1826, when Captain Patrick Logan, Commandant of the Moreton Bay penal colony, sailed up the Brisbane River and discovered large deposits of limestone and other minerals.[10]
Settlement[edit]
The town began in 1827 as a limestone mining settlement and grew rapidly as a major inland port. Ipswich was initially named "The Limestone Hills" and later shortened to "Limestone", however in 1843 it was renamed after the town of Ipswich in England.[11] The population was 932 in 1851 and had risen to 2459 by 1856.[12] It became a municipality in 1858. Ipswich had been a prime candidate for becoming the capital of Queensland from about 1847 when the Rev. John Dunmore Lang had toured both Ipswich and Brisbane, and noted the strength of Ipswich as a port town with access to the wool suppliers of the Darling Downs, but Brisbane was instead chosen due to its mercantile and colonial interests.[13][14] Brisbane was declared the capital of the new Crown Colony of Queensland in 1859. It was proclaimed a city in 1904.[15]
The city became a major coal-mining area in the early 19th Century, contributing to the development of railways in the region as a means of transport. The first recorded coal mines in the central Ipswich area started at Woodend in 1848.[16] Triassic aged dinosaur footprints were found in underground coal mines in the vicinity of the suburbs of Ebbw Vale and New Chum[17] while large numbers of Jurassic aged dinosaur footprints have been reported from the suburb of Rosewood.[18]
From the 1840s onward, Ipswich was becoming an important river port for growing local industries such as coal and wool from the Darling Downs and a regular paddlesteamer service from Brisbane Town, The Experiment, was established in 1846.[19] This, and other steamer services,[20] remained the primary form of mass/bulk transport between the two cities until 1876, when the construction of the original Albert Bridge, spanning the Brisbane River at Indooroopilly, completed the railway line begun between Ipswich and Brisbane in 1873.[21]
Ipswich was proclaimed a municipality on 2 March 1860 and became a city in 1904.[citation needed]
On 26 May 1872 a Primitive Methodist Church opened in East Street.[22][23][24]
By April 1873 there were numerous churches in Ipswich: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Primitive Methodist, German Lutheran, and Wesleyan Methodist.[25]
A United Methodist Free Church opened in Brisbane Street in July 1873, having relocated from the "comparative obscurity" of North Ipswich.[26]
In March 1888, 239 allotments of the "Liverpool Estate" were advertised to be auctioned by E. Bostock in conjunction with Arthur Martin & Co.[27] A map advertising the auction shows the proximity of the estate to the railway workshops and the Bremer River.[28]
In June 1911, 26 building sites of "East Ipswich Station Estate" were advertised to be auctioned by E. Bostock & Sons.[29] A map advertising the auction shows the location of the estate in proximity to the railway line.[30]
In 1914 65 garden allotments were advertised to be auctioned by E. Bostock & Sons. The area was called the "Orangefield Estate". It was formerly an orchard and the real estate map advertised that the Estate was well stocked with fruit trees.[31][32][33] It was reported in the Queensland Times that 20 allotments were sold. This article also listed the buyers.[34] Unsold allotments were advertised in the Queensland Times.[35]
In 1922, 12 allotments were advertised in the Queensland Times to be auctioned by Bacon & Co. Auctioneers in conjunction with H.J. Hargreaves & Co.[36] The area was called the "Whitehill Road Estate". A map advertising the auction shows the estate is across the road from the intersection of Whitehill Road and Griffith Road.[37] Both street names are still in use. By July 1922 The Queensland Times advertised that only six allotments were left.[38]
In October 1925, several allotments in the "Fiveways Estate" at East Ipswich were advertised to be auctioned by Jackson & Meyers in conjunction with Bacon & Co.[39] A map advertising the auction states that the lots were ideal for residential sites, convenient to the East Ipswich Railway Station and water, gas and electric light was available.[40]
In 1928 211 allotments were advertised to be auctioned by E. Bostock & Sons and W. B. Parkinson. The area was called the "Cribb Estate" and on the estate map it was noted that it was on the eastern slopes of Limestone Hill.[41] The auction was advertised in the Queensland Times[42][43] and it was also noted in the notes of the Council Meeting published in the Queensland Times that approval had been granted to gravel new roads in the estate before it was sold.[44] It was reported in the Queensland Times that 40 allotments sold on the day of auction and some of the buyers were listed.[45] By the end of 1928 it was reported in the Queensland Times that another 20 allotments had been sold.[46]
In 1930 the Abermain Estate, Tivoli, was advertised to be auctioned by E. Bostock & Sons.[47] The estate map noted that the area comprised the Abermain Colliery containing 1295 acres and farms.[48] It was reported in the Toowoomba Chronicle and Darling Downs Gazette, and The Brisbane Courier, that there was no bid for the coal mine but some farms had sold on the day of auction and some of the buyers were listed.[49][50] It was also reported later in The Brisbane Courier of further items sold.[51]
Royal visits[edit]
Several members of the British Royal Family have visited Ipswich.
1868 – Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh[52][53]
1920 – Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII)[53][54]
1927 – Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth)[53][55]
1958 – Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother[53][56]
1962 – Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone[53]
2011 – Prince William (later Duke of Cambridge)[53][57]
2014 – Duke and Duchess of Cambridge[58]
Damaging flooding has occurred on numerous occasions in Ipswich, the largest being the 1893 Brisbane flood peaking at 24.5 m, and more recently during the 1974 Brisbane Flood, (peaking at 20.7 m) and 2010–11 Queensland floods (peaking at 19.4 m) on 12 January 2011.
1893[edit]
Around 35 people died in the floods in the 1893 Brisbane flood. The Brisbane River burst its banks on three occasions in February of that year and a fourth event several months later.
7 workers were killed at a colliery in north Ipswich as the Bremer River broke its banks.[59]
1974[edit]
14 people died in flooding in January 1974, during the Australia Day weekend. Two people were killed in Ipswich.[60] At least 6,700 homes flooded across the region. Thousands of homes in Ipswich and Brisbane could not be recovered.
2011[edit]
The Bremer River at Ipswich reached a height of 19.5 metres (64 ft) on 12 January, inundating the central business district and thousands of houses. 38 people died as a result of the floods. At Minden, on the border of Ipswich City, a four-year-old boy was swept away by floodwaters when he fell from a rescue boat.[61] A man in his fifties died when he accidentally drove into floodwaters in the Ipswich suburb of Wulkuraka.[62]
The worst affected areas of Ipswich were the suburbs of Goodna and Gailes.[63] The flooding allowed bull sharks to reach the centre of Goodna; one was spotted swimming in Williams Street, and a second in Queen Street.[63]
A multibillion-dollar class action lawsuit is underway against dam operators Seqwater, SunWater and the State of Queensland. Law firm Maurice Blackburn have lodged the suit on behalf of 5,500 Ipswich and Brisbane residents who lost their homes or businesses during the floods.[64] Modelling released in 2013 claimed flooding of Ipswich CBD would not have been as extreme if Wivenhoe Dam operators had operated the dam correctly.[65]
Community facilities and groups[edit]
The Ipswich Central Library building opened in 1994.[66]
The Ipswich Historical Society was established in 1966 and is located at Cooneana Heritage Centre, 11041 Redbank Plains Rd, New Chum, Ipswich.[67]
The Ipswich branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at 84 Limestone Street (Liberty Hall).[68]
Climate[edit]
Ipswich experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with hot and humid summers, mild to warm winters with cool overnight temperatures and heavy summer storms.
| Climate data for Ipswich-Amberley Air Base, Queensland, Australia (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1941–present); 24 m | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 44.3 (111.7) |
43.0 (109.4) |
41.3 (106.3) |
36.8 (98.2) |
33.3 (91.9) |
29.2 (84.6) |
29.6 (85.3) |
36.4 (97.5) |
40.1 (104.2) |
41.3 (106.3) |
43.0 (109.4) |
43.8 (110.8) |
44.3 (111.7) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 34.9 (94.8) |
34.1 (93.4) |
32.5 (90.5) |
30.2 (86.4) |
27.0 (80.6) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.2 (75.6) |
26.2 (79.2) |
29.9 (85.8) |
32.6 (90.7) |
34.3 (93.7) |
35.3 (95.5) |
35.3 (95.5) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 31.7 (89.1) |
30.9 (87.6) |
29.9 (85.8) |
27.6 (81.7) |
24.6 (76.3) |
22.1 (71.8) |
22.0 (71.6) |
23.8 (74.8) |
26.9 (80.4) |
28.5 (83.3) |
30.1 (86.2) |
31.0 (87.8) |
27.4 (81.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 25.7 (78.3) |
25.2 (77.4) |
23.7 (74.7) |
20.5 (68.9) |
17.0 (62.6) |
14.5 (58.1) |
13.6 (56.5) |
14.6 (58.3) |
18.2 (64.8) |
20.8 (69.4) |
23.1 (73.6) |
24.6 (76.3) |
20.1 (68.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 19.6 (67.3) |
19.4 (66.9) |
17.5 (63.5) |
13.4 (56.1) |
9.4 (48.9) |
6.8 (44.2) |
5.1 (41.2) |
5.4 (41.7) |
9.4 (48.9) |
13.0 (55.4) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.2 (64.8) |
12.8 (55.0) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | 16.5 (61.7) |
16.5 (61.7) |
14.3 (57.7) |
9.6 (49.3) |
4.2 (39.6) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
1.2 (34.2) |
4.8 (40.6) |
8.8 (47.8) |
12.2 (54.0) |
14.9 (58.8) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 11.6 (52.9) |
11.1 (52.0) |
6.7 (44.1) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
2.1 (35.8) |
4.9 (40.8) |
6.8 (44.2) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 108.1 (4.26) |
105.0 (4.13) |
77.7 (3.06) |
37.8 (1.49) |
54.0 (2.13) |
38.1 (1.50) |
23.4 (0.92) |
22.9 (0.90) |
31.5 (1.24) |
62.2 (2.45) |
81.8 (3.22) |
113.8 (4.48) |
756.3 (29.78) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.2 | 7.5 | 6.8 | 4.1 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 3.1 | 3.8 | 6.0 | 6.5 | 7.9 | 66.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 57.0 | 61.0 | 58.5 | 56.5 | 59.5 | 60.5 | 55.5 | 49.0 | 47.0 | 48.0 | 52.0 | 54.5 | 54.9 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 18.2 (64.8) |
18.6 (65.5) |
16.8 (62.2) |
13.7 (56.7) |
11.0 (51.8) |
8.5 (47.3) |
6.4 (43.5) |
5.8 (42.4) |
8.4 (47.1) |
11.5 (52.7) |
14.3 (57.7) |
16.6 (61.9) |
12.5 (54.5) |
| Source 1: Australian Bureau of Meteorology (temperature, precipitation, humidity- 1991–2020 normals)[69] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Australian Bureau of Meteorology (1941–present extremes)[70] |
Demographics[edit]
According to early results of the 2021 census,[71] the population of Ipswich was 233,302. The median age was 34 years old, 4 years younger than the nationwide median. The male-to-female ratio was 49.8-to-50.2.
The most commonly nominated ancestries were English (25.8%), Australian (24.9%), Irish (7.2%), Scottish (6.7%), and German (5.8%). 69.9% of people were born in Australia, while the other most common countries of birth were New Zealand (4.9%), England (3.1%), Vietnam (2.4%), India (1.1%), and the Philippines (0.9%). Indigenous Australians accounted for 4.0% of the population.
The most commonly spoken languages other than English were Vietnamese (3.7%), Samoan (1.7%), Mandarin and Spanish (0.6% each), and Hindi (0.5%). The most common religious affiliations reported were none (27.8%), Catholic (19.5%), Anglican (13.5%), and Uniting Church (5.0%).
Economy[edit]
Ipswich was a major mining centre, particularly coal mining. The city is the 'cradle of coal mining in Queensland'.[72] Other secondary manufacturing industries included earthenware works, sawmills, abattoirs and foundries, while the region is also rich agriculturally.
Ipswich remains a strong manufacturing region, with more than 14% of workers employed in the manufacturing industry, compared to just 7.6% for regional Queensland.[73]
Extensive growth is predicted in Ipswich and the Western Corridor region in years to come, the economy is projected to be worth $12.7 billion by 2026.[74] Global giant General Electric moved its Queensland headquarters into a $72 million building in Springfield in 2015.[75]
Ipswich is the site of RAAF Base Amberley, the Royal Australian Air Force's largest operational base. It is currently home to No. 1 Squadron and No. 6 Squadron (operating the F/A-18F Super Hornet), No. 33 Squadron (operating the Airbus KC-30A) and No. 36 Squadron (operating the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III jet transport). In addition, a number of ground support units are located at Amberley.
Film production[edit]
In recent years, Ipswich has become a sought-after filming location. The 2013 movie The Railway Man was filmed around the city's railyards.[76] Other major films, including San Andreas starring Dwayne Johnson, and Inspector Gadget 2 were filmed around the city. Several Australian films have also used Ipswich for shooting locations, including the 2016 movie Don't Tell[77] and Savages Crossing, The Settlement, The Tree, Mystery Road, 500 Miles and telemovies, Parer's War[78] and Mabo.[79] Australian TV legal drama Rise was also filmed at Borallon Correctional Centre.[80]
Housing[edit]
Ipswich is recognised for its important collection of historic buildings. Historic house types range from Early Colonial/Victorian (1850 onwards) to Queensland Bungalow (until 1935), with the city showcasing many markers and plaques outside heritage and historical locations.
The traditional Ipswich dwelling has always been a detached home on land, and is frequently portrayed in the paintings of d'Arcy Doyle, however this is changing as modern housing developments increase. The city is the fastest-growing area in South East Queensland (SEQ).[81]
Two major developments, underway at Springfield and Ripley, will be central to housing this growth.
The multibillion-dollar Greater Springfield development was awarded World's Best Master Planned Community 2010 and is designed to grow to an ultimate population of 85,000, with a projection of 105,000 total residents living in the area by 2030. Greater Springfield is positioned as the gateway to the western corridor of the south-east. At 2,860 hectares it is the largest master planned city in Australia.[82]
The Ripley Valley Development is master planned to be a model community for a projected population of 120,000 people.[83]
Infrastructure[edit]
Technology[edit]
In March 2016, Ipswich's digital innovation and startup hub, Fire Station 101, was officially launched. Owned by Ipswich City Developments and operated by Ipswich City Enterprises, Fire Station 101 will
position the region as a leader of the digital economy. More than fifteen members had signed up prior to the opening.
In 2015, Ipswich was named in the world's Top 7 most Intelligent Communities by the Intelligent Community Forum (ICF) in New York.[84][85]
Education[edit]
Ipswich is home to dozens of primary and secondary schools, including Ipswich Grammar School, which was the first high school in Queensland (established in 1863). Ipswich Girls' Grammar School was established 1892.
Tertiary education facilities include University of Southern Queensland, which has campuses at Springfield and Ipswich.
TAFE Queensland South West has a campus at Bundamba and another in Springfield.
Ipswich is home to the "Safe City" camera network, which commenced in 1994. More than 200 cameras are monitored 24/7 from a facility situated within the CBD.[86]
The Ipswich City Council Safe City Monitoring Facility has hosted representatives of law enforcement agencies from the Netherlands, Taiwan, Great Britain and approximately twenty-five local authorities from across Australia to inspect the closed-circuit television (CCTV) camera monitoring system.[87]
Ipswich Hospital is the major public hospital. St Andrew's Private Hospital and Mater Private Hospital Springfield are local private hospitals.
Transport[edit]
Ipswich has direct access to the Ipswich Motorway (linking to Brisbane); the Cunningham Highway (linking to Warwick); the Warrego Highway (linking to Toowoomba); the Logan Motorway and its connection to the Pacific Motorway (linking to Logan and the Gold Coast); and the Centenary Highway (linking Springfield and the Ripley Valley to Brisbane).
Ipswich railway station is a major hub for rail transport. The electrified rail line that extends east from Ipswich through Brisbane's western suburbs to the Brisbane CBD is known as the Ipswich Line. The Rosewood railway line, part of the first railway in Queensland, is also electrified and extends west through Ipswich's western suburbs to the town of Rosewood. Both lines are operated by Queensland Rail.
Facilities[edit]
Ipswich has more than 500 parks and conservation estates, including Nerima Gardens, which was designed in consultation with Ipswich's Japanese sister city, Nerima. In 2015, Orion Lagoon opened in Springfield Central.
Brookwater hosts the Brookwater Golf and Country Club. The par 72 golf course, designed by Greg Norman, measures 6,505 metres and has been voted as Queensland's number one golf course in Golf Australia magazine's best 50 courses.[citation needed]
The Ipswich Council operates a public library and a separate children's library in the new $250 Million Dollar Nicolas Street Precinct upgrade located in the heart of the Ipswich CBD.[88]
Ipswich has had a number of sporting successes at a state and national level.[citation needed] In 2022 the Brisbane Lions, one of just two Queensland clubs playing in the national Australian Football League (AFL) competition moved its headquarters to its new purpose-built Springfield Central Stadium, the stadium is now the home ground for the club's women's side playing in the AFLW, which played its first match in the a sell out AFLW Grand Final,[89] the highest level of women's competition. In 2015, the local rugby league club, Ipswich Jets, won their maiden Intrust Super Cup title and took the NRL State Championship.[90] The win fuelled interest in a Western Corridor NRL bid.
Ipswich Softball Association located in the suburb of one mile has softball teams ranging from Tee Ball through to A Grade Mens and Women. Notable teams include
Outlaws,
Raiders,
Rebels,
Demons,
Tigers,
Ipswich Stingers,
Southside Stingers,
Bombers,
Murri Taipans and
Black Cats
The season runs during the summer generally between October and March.
The association also has Representative teams competing in State titles from Under 14 boys and girls through to Open Men's and Women's teams
Ipswich Show[edit]
The first Ipswich Annual Show was held on 2 April 1873 by the Queensland Pastoral and Agricultural Society. There had been shows staged by the Ipswich and West Moreton Horticultural and Agricultural Society as early as 1868. Originally held at the sale yards situated at Lobb St, Churchill, the show moved to its present home at the Ipswich Showgrounds in 1877.
Goodna Jacaranda Festival[edit]
This festival has been held annually at Goodna (Evan Marginson Sportsground) since 1968.[92]
Ipswich Festival[edit]
The Ipswich Festival is an annual multi-disciplinary festival. First staged in 1998, the program for the Ipswich Festival includes live bands, concerts, art exhibits, fireworks, theatre, jazz, multicultural celebrations, interactive displays and a range of family-based events to encourage participation by all age groups whilst attracting day tourism to the region.[citation needed]
The Ipswich Festival runs for two weeks at the end of April and beginning of May with the majority of events free.[93]
Winternationals[edit]
The Fuchs Winternationals is an annual event, typically held around June at Willowbank Raceway, part of the Ipswich Motorsport Precinct. The four-day event is one of the largest drag racing festivals in the southern hemisphere and has drawn crowds of more than 40, 000 people in previous years.[94]
Notable people[edit]
Sportspeople[edit]
Politics and the law[edit]
References[edit]
External links[edit]
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